tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33806269040311465912011-11-04T12:29:45.164-07:00Parthibannoreply@blogger.comBlogger2501100tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380626904031146591.post-655850450142785582010-03-08T01:02:00.000-08:002010-03-08T01:31:35.663-08:00

Introduction to Threads Multithreading refers to two or more tasks executing concurrently within a single program. A thread is an independent path of execution within a program. Many threads can run concurrently within a program. Every thread in Java is created and controlled by the java.lang.Thread class. A Java program can have many threads, and these threads can run concurrently, either

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Array() charAt() concat() contains() CopyingArrays-arraycopy() equals() equalsIgnoreCase() hashCode() indexOf() isEmpty() lastIndexOf() length() matches() Math-class-in-Java-Functions startsWith() substring() toCharArray() toLowerCase() toUpperCase() Trim() valueOf()

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1-Introduction-to-Java 2-Java-Variables 3-Arrays-and-Strings 4-Conditionals-and-Loops 5-Classes-and-Methods Beginners-Java-Tutorials-Installing-JDK How-to-use-this-keyword-in-java Java-Array-Declaration Java-Array-Initialization Java-Array-Usage Matrix-Example-in-Java Multi-dimensional-arrays Structure-of-Java-Arrays Two-dimensional-arrays What-is-instance-variable?

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01-Installing-the-JDK 02-Running-a-Java-Program 03-Downloading-Eclipse 04-Hello-YouTube 05-Variables 06-Getting-User-Input 07.Building-a-Basic-Calculator 08-Math-Operators 09-Increment-Operators 10-If-Statement 11-Logical-Operators 12-Switch-Statement 13-While-Loop-Statements 14-Using-Multiple-Classes 15-Use-Methods-with-Parameters 16-Many-Methods-and-Instances 17-Constructors

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Accending-Order-using-Array Bidirectional-Bubble-Sort-in-Java Bubble-Sorting-in-Java calculate-area-and-perimeter-of-a-circle calculate-factorial-of-any-given-number calculating-area-and-perimeter-of-a-rectangle Calendar-Example Checking-whether-a-year-is-leap-or-not Comparing-Two-Numbers construct-a-triangle-with-the-?*? Determining-the-largest-number Extra-Storage-Merge-Sort-in-Java

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SCJP Notes Chapter 1SCJP Notes Chapter 2SCJP Notes Chapter 3SCJP Notes Chapter 4SCJP Notes Chapter 5SCJP Notes Chapter 6 - Part 1SCJP Notes Chapter 6 - Part 2SCJP Notes Chapter 6 - Part 3SCJP Notes Chapter 6 - Part 4SCJP Notes Chapter 7SCJP Notes - Chapter 8

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Chapter 1: Language FundamentalsThe Java programming language has includes five simple arithmetic operators like are + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division), and % (modulo). The following table summarizes them:. Source file's elements (in order) Package declarationImport statementsClass definitions2. Importing packages doesn't recursively import sub-packages.3.

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Chapter 2 Operators and assignments The Java programming language has included five simple arithmetic operators like + (addition), - (subtraction), * (multiplication), / (division) 1. Unary operators 1.1 Increment and Decrement operators ++ -- We have postfix and prefix notation. In post-fix notation value of the variable/expression is modified after the value is taken for the execution of

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Chapter 3 - Modifiers 1. Modifiers are Java keywords that provide information to compiler about the nature of the code, data and classes. 2. Access modifiers - public, protected, private · Only applied to class level variables. Method variables are visible only inside the method. · Can be applied to class

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Chapter 4 Converting and Casting Unary Numeric Promotion Contexts: · Operand of the unary arithmetic operators + and - · Operand of the unary integer bit-wise complement operator ~ · During array creation, for example new int[x], where the dimension expression x must evaluate to an int value. ·

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Chapter 5 Flow Control and Exceptions Unreachable statements produce a compile-time error. while (false) { x = 3; } // won't compile for (;false;) { x =3; } // won't compile if (false) {x = 3; } // will compile, to provide the ability to conditionally compile the code. · Local variables already declared in an enclosing block,

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Chapter 6 - Objects and Classes (Part 1)Implementing OO relationships · "is a" relationship is implemented by inheritance (extends keyword) · "has a" relationship is implemented by providing the class with member variables. Overloading and Overriding · Overloading is an example of polymorphism. (operational /

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Chapter 6 - Objects and Classes (Part 2)Constructors and Sub-classing· Constructors are not inherited as normal methods, they have to be defined in the class itself. · If you define no constructors at all, then the compiler provides a default constructor with no arguments. Even if, you define one constructor, this default is not provided. ·

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Interfaces: · All methods in an interface are implicitly public, abstract, and never static. · All variables in an interface are implicitly static, public, final. They cannot be transient or volatile. A class can shadow the variables it inherits from an interface, with its own variables. · A top-level interface itself

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Chapter 6 - Objects and Classes (Part 4)// Example 1 public class InnerInnerTest { public static void main(String s[]) { new Outer().new Inner().new InnerInner().new InnerInnerInner().doSomething(); new Outer().new InnerChild().doSomething(); new Outer2().new

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Chapter 7 Threads · Java is fundamentally multi-threaded. · Every thread corresponds to an instance of java.lang.Thread class or a sub-class. · A thread becomes eligible to run, when its start() method is called. Thread scheduler co-ordinates between the threads

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Locks, Monitors and Synchronization · Every object has a lock (for every synchronized code block). At any moment, this lock is controlled by at most one thread. · A thread that wants to execute

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As mentioned in Tip 64, the DBMS will not erase any database data when you drop a view. However, you still have to be careful that the view you are dropping is not referenced by another view. Some DBMS products let you add the CASCADE or RESTRICT clause to a DROP VIEW statement to control the behavior of the DBMS when you tell the system to DROP a view that is referenced by another view.If you

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Views are virtual tables. Although they look and act like regular relational database tables, views contain no data. Rather, a view is a set of instructions for the DBMS that tells it what data stored in physical (real) tables to display and how to display it. MS-SQL Server gives you two ways to define a view. You can use the CREATE VIEW statement (which you will learn about in Tip 206, "

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To remove a database view that you no longer need, execute the DROP VIEW statement. Unlike the DROP TABLE statement, the DROP VIEW command does not erase any database tables or data. When you DROP a view, the DBMS simply removes its definition (the name and the SELECT statement that defines the view) from the system tables. If you later decide you need the view again, simply use the CREATE VIEW

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When you no longer need a table, use the DROP TABLE statement to remove it from the database. Before dropping a table, however, make sure that you no longer need it! When the DBMS executes the DROP TABLE statement, it erases the table data and index(es) from the database and removes the definition of the table and its constraints from the system tables. Thus, the only way to recover a dropped

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As was previously discussed, a database key uniquely identifies a row in a table. In Tip 61, "Using the CREATE TABLE Statement to Assign the Primary Key," you learned that each row in a PRIMARY KEY uniquely identifies single row within the table in which the PRIMARY KEY is declared. A FOREIGN KEY, on the other hand, references the PRIMARY KEY in a table other than the one in which the FOREIGN KEY

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A key is a column or combination of columns that uniquely identifies a row in a table. As such, a key gives you way to distinguish one particular row in a table from all of the others. Because a key must be unique, you should not include NULL values in any of the columns that make up a key. Remember, the DBMS cannot make any assumptions about the actual value of NULL in a column. Thus, a row with

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In addition to changing the width and data type of a column, you can use the ALTER TABLE statement to add table constraints such as a PRIMARY KEY and FOREIGN KEY. Tip 61, "Using the CREATE TABLE Statement to Assign the Primary Key," and Tip 62, "Using the CREATE TABLE Statement to Assign Foreign Key Constraints," will show you how to define keys as part of the CREATE TABLE statement when creating

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Unlike many DBMS products, MS-SQL Server allows you to change not only the width of a column but also its data type. There are, however, a few restrictions on data type changes. You cannot change the data type of a column if the column:Is of type TEXT, IMAGE, NTEXT, or TIMESTAMPIs part of an index, unless the original data type is VARCHAR or VARBINARY and you are not changing the original data

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The SQL-92 standard does not specify a DROP COLUMN clause as part of the ALTER TABLE statement. As a result, some DBMS products require that you unload data from the table, use the DROP TABLE statement to erase the table, execute the CREATE TABLE statement to re-create the table without the column you want to drop, and then reload the data you unloaded before dropping the table. (Given the steps

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Adding a column to a table is perhaps the most common use of the ALTER TABLE statement. The syntax of the ALTER TABLE statement to add a column is: ALTER TABLE ADD [DEFAULT ] [NOT NULL] [IDENTITY][UNIQUE][CHECK ()]For example, to add a BADGE_NUMBER column to an EMPLOYEE table defined by CREATE TABLE employee (employee_id INTEGER, first_name VARCHAR(20), last_name

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No amount of prior planning completely eliminates the need for changing the structure of tables over the course of time. This is not to say that you should spend little time designing tables because they are going to change anyway. Quite the opposite—the more time you spend on design and deciding exactly what data goes in what tables, the less time you will spend later changing your tables

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When you no longer need a default you've created, you can use the Transact-SQL DROP DEFAULT statement to permanently remove the default from the database in which you created it. The syntax of the DROP DEFAULT statement is DROP DEFAULT {, , ... ,] where the is the name you gave the default when you defined it. As you can see from the syntax of the statement, you can drop multiple defaults

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Before MS-SQL Server will use a default value you've created, you must bind the default to a table column or a user-defined data type. In Tip 50, "Using the MS-SQL Server Stored Procedure sp_bindefault to Bind a User-Created Default to a Table Column," you learned how to use the stored procedure sp_bindefault to bind a default to a table column. In this tip, you will learn how to use the

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You learned about SQL data types in Tips 21–26, and you used them when you learned to create a table in Tip 46, "Using the CREATE TABLE Statement to Create Tables." As you now know, each table column must have a data type that defines the type of data you can put into the column. For example, if a column is of type INTEGER, you can store only whole numbers—characters and numbers with a

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As usual, MS-SQL Server has both a command-line Transact-SQL statement way to create a default (which you learned about in Tip 49, "Using the Transact-SQL CREATE DEFAULT Statement to Set a Column Default") and a GUI method using the MS-SQL Server Enterprise Manager. The advantages of creating a default outside the CREATE TABLE statement are that you can give the default a meaningful name,

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A default column value is the character string or number that you want the DBMS to enter into a column when you don't provide a value for the column. You learned how to create default column values in Tip 49, "Using the Transact-SQL CREATE DEFAULT Statement to Set a Column Default," and how to bind them to multiple columns in one or more tables in Tip 50, "Using the MS-SQL Server Stored

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As mentioned in Tip 49, "Using the Transact-SQL CREATE DEFAULT Statement to Set a Column Default," you must bind defaults to table columns so the DBMS knows which columns it is supposed to set to which default values. The syntax to use when executing the stored procedure sp_bindefault to bind a default value to a table column is EXEC sp_bindefault @DEFNAME=, @OBJNAME=.where is the name you

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MS-SQL Server lets you create named, default values you can bind to columns and user-defined data types. Once you bind a default to a table column, the DBMS will supply the default value for the column (instead of NULL) if you insert a row that includes the column without specifying its value. The advantages of creating a default outside the CREATE TABLE statement are that you can use a

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MS-SQL Server lets you create two types of temporary tables: global and local. Local temporary tables are available only to the session in which they are created, and the DBMS automatically erases local temporary tables when the session ends. Global temporary tables are available to multiple database sessions. The DBMS drops a global temporary table after the last user using the table

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SQL Tips and Techniques - Chapter 1Understanding the MS-SQL Server TempDB DatabaseUnderstanding How to Size MS-SQL Server Databases and Transaction LogsUsing DROP DATABASE to Erase an MS-SQL Server Database and Transaction LogUsing the MS-SQL Server Enterprise Manager to Create a Database and Transaction LogUsing the CREATE DATABASE Statement to Create an MS-SQL Server Database and Transaction

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In addition to typing CREATE TABLE statements into the MS-SQL Server Query Analyzer's Query pane or at the ISQL (or OSQL) Ready prompts, MS-SQL Server gives you a GUI tool you can use. To create a table using the Enterprise Manager, perform the following steps: To start the Enterprise Manager, click on the Start button, move your mouse pointer to Programs on the Start menu, select Microsoft

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Each time you start MS-SQL Server, the DBMS creates a special database named TempDB. The server uses the TempDB database for such things as temporary tables, cursor data, and temporary, user-created global variables. In short, the TempDB database is the system's scratchpad. However, you can use it as well. The advantage of using TempDB is that activities you perform to TempDB objects (tables

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MS-SQL Server puts all database objects (tables, views, procedures, triggers, indexes, and so on) into a single large file. Whenever you make a change to the database (add an object, alter an object, delete a row, update a column value, insert a row, and so on), the DBMS makes an entry in a second file, the transaction log. Thus, every database has two files: the database file, which

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Dropping (deleting) databases you no longer need frees up disk space. The primary rule to follow: Be careful! You cannot easily undo an executed DROP DATABASE statement. As such, always back up the database before dropping (erasing) it. Having a full backup will save you a lot of headaches if the user decides he or she needs "one more thing" from the database-right after you erase it, of

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In Tip 41, "Using the CREATE DATABASE Statement to Create an MS-SQL Server Database and Transaction Log," you learned that MS-SQL Server lets you create multiple databases on a single server, and you also learned how to use the CREATE DATABASE statement. Like most database management tools, MS-SQL Server gives you not only a command line (SQL or Transact-SQL) statement, but also a graphical

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Unlike many other DBMS products, MS-SQL Server lets you create multiple databases for each MS-SQL Server. Most commercial DBMS products do not even have a CREATE DATABASE command. Instead, the installation program creates the one database file the SQL Server will use. The database administrator (dba) and privileged users then create all of the database objects in the one database. As a

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Before sending SQL statements to the DBMS when you enter the GO command, ISQL acts as a line editor. As you learned in Tip 39, "Using the MS-SQL Server ISQL to Execute SQL Statements from the Command Line or Statements Stored in an ASCII File," the format of the command to start ISQL at the MS-DOS command line is: ISQL -S -U -P Note Substitute the name of your SQL Server for NVBizNet2,

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In Tip 38, "Using the MS-SQL Server Query Analyzer to Execute SQL Statements," you learned how to use the MS-SQL Query Analyzer GUI query tool. MS-SQL Server also includes two command-line query tools: ISQL.EXE and OSQL.EXE. You'll find both of these tools in MS-SQL Server's BINN subdirectory. (If you installed MS-SQL Server to the default C:\MSSQL7 folder, you will find ISQL and OSQL in the

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You can use the MS-SQL Server Query Analyzer (QA) to execute any SQL statement supported by MS-SQL Server. (As mentioned in previous tips, no commercially available database supports everything in the SQL-92 standard.) QA has a graphical user interface (GUI) you can use to pose ad hoc (interactive) queries and to send SQL commands to an MS-SQL Server. (MS-SQL Server also provides a

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SQL keywords are words that have a special significance in SQL and should not be used as user-defined names for database objects such as tables, columns, domains, constraints, procedures, variables, and so on. There are two types of keywords, reserved and nonreserved. The difference between reserved and nonreserved keywords is that some database products let you (although you should not) use

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When processing an SQL statement, the DBMS goes through five steps: Parse. The DBMS goes through the SQL statement word by word and clause by clause to make sure that all of the keywords are valid and all of the clauses are well-formed. The DBMS will catch any syntax errors (badly formed SQL expressions) or typographical errors (misspelled keywords) during the parsing stage. Validate. The

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When using SQL to send commands to the DBMS, you first tell the DBMS what you want to do and then describe the data (or structure) on which you want the DBMS to take the action. SQL is similar to the German language in that you put the action word (the verb) at the beginning of the sentence (the SQL statement) and then follow the verb with one or more clauses that describe the subject (the

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Client/Server computing (often called n-tier computing when you use the Internet to connect the client to the server), involves distributed data processing, or multiple computers working together to perform a set of operations. In the client/server model, the client (workstations) and server (DBMS) work together to perform operations that create objects and manipulate the data in a database.

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As you learned in Tip 15, "Understanding Constraints," a constraint is a database object that restricts the data a user or application program can enter into the columns of a table. An assertion is a database object that uses a check constraint to limit data values you can enter into the database as a whole. Both assertions and constraints are specified as check conditions that the DBMS can

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You can apply the IDENTITY property to one (and only one) of the columns in a table to have MS-SQL Server supply an incrementing, non-NULL value for the column whenever a row is added that does not specify the column's value. Suppose, for example, that you wanted to create an EMPLOYEE table that included an EMPLOYEE_ID column, but you did not want to supply the EMPLOYEE_ID each time you

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You can apply the IDENTITY property to one (and only one) of the columns in a table to have MS-SQL Server supply an incrementing, non-NULL value for the column whenever a row is added that does not specify the column's value. Suppose, for example, that you wanted to create an EMPLOYEE table that included an EMPLOYEE_ID column, but you did not want to supply the EMPLOYEE_ID each time you

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You can use the MS-SQL Server ISNULL() built-in function to return a value other than NULL for columns that are NULL. Suppose, for example, that your EMPLOYEE table has data in columns as shown in Figure 31.1. EMPLOYEE table ID NAME DATE_HIRED QUOTA 1 Sally Smith 04/27/00 NULL 2 Wally Wells 04/13/99 5 3 Greg Jones 05/12/97 7 4 Bruce Williams 04/15/00 NULL 5

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When a DBMS finds a NULL value in a column, it interprets it as undefined or unavailable. The SQL-92 standard specifies that a DBMS cannot assign or assume an explicit or implicit value to a NULL column. A NULL is not the same as a space (in a character column), a zero (in a numeric column), or a NULL ASCII character (which is all zeroes) (in a character column). In fact, if you execute the

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SQL does not have a CONSTANT data type, like that found in programming languages such as Pascal, Visual Basic, and C++. However, you do not have to put data values into columns in order to use those values in SQL statements. Valid SQL statements can and often do include literal string, numeric, and date and time constants, and symbolic constants (also referred to as system maintained

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When you are working with data that can take on only one of two values, use the BIT data type. For example, you can use BIT fields to store the answers to yes/no or true/false survey questions such as: these "Are you a homeowner?" "Are you married?" "Did you complete high school?" "Do you love SQL?" You can store answers to yes/no and true/false questions in CHARACTER columns using the

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Although you can store dates and times in columns of type CHAR or VARCHAR, you will find it more convenient to use datetime columns instead. If you put dates and times into date-time columns, the DBMS will format the dates and times in a standard way when you display the contents of the columns as part of SELECT statements. More importantly, by using datetime columns, you will be able to use

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The MS-SQL Server IMAGE data type is similar to the TEXT data type in that it you can store 2,147,483,647 bytes of data in a column declared as data type IMAGE. You would use an image type, for example, if you wanted to create a table of graphics images such as: CREATE TABLE graphic_images (id INTEGER, description VARCHAR(250), picture IMAGE) Typically, you won't use an INSERT

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If you need to store a large amount of text data in a table, you may run into the problem of needing to store a character string larger than the maximum number or characters allowed for the CHARACTER (or VARCHAR) data type. Suppose, for example, that you had a HUMAN_RESOURCES table and one of the columns was RESUME. If you are using MS-SQL Server as your DBMS, you could store only the first

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Chapter 1 - SQL Tips and TechniquesChapter 1: Understanding SQL Basics and Creating Database FilesUnderstanding Flat Files - SQL Tips and TechniquesUnderstanding the Hierarchical Database Model - SQL Tips and TechniquesUnderstanding the Network Database ModelUnderstanding the Relational Database ModelUnderstanding Codd's 12-Rule Relational Database DefinitionUnderstanding Terms Used to Define an

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If you have a text column where the number of characters you want to store varies from to row, use a variable-length character string to save disk space. Suppose, for example, that you define an order table as follows:CREATE TABLE order_table (customer_number INTEGER, delivery_date DATE, item_number SMALLINT, quantity SMALLINT,

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Table columns defined as being of one of the character data types can hold letters, numbers, and special characters (such as !,@,#,$,%,^, and so on). There are four character data types, each with one or two synonyms. The SQL character data types are: Table 23.1: SQL Character Data Types Character Type Description CHAR(length) CHARACTER(length) Fixed-length character string

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You can use floating-point columns to store both whole numbers and numbers with a fractional part—numbers with nonzero digits to the right of the decimal point. Unlike the INTEGER data types (INTEGER, SMALLINT, TINYINT), which have precision set by the implementation, you control the precision of the columns you define as NUMERIC or DECIMAL. (The precision of the other floating-point data

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Columns of type INTEGER can hold whole numbers-numbers without a fractional part (nonzero digits to the right of the decimal point). The maximum number of digits, or precision, of an INTEGER column is implementation-dependant. As such, you cannot control the maximum positive and negative value you can assign to an INTEGER column (check your SQL manual for the precision of integers on your

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While DML lets you make changes to the data in your database, data control language (DCL) protects your data from harm. If you correctly use the tools that DCL provides, you can keep unauthorized users from viewing or changing your data, and prevent many of the problems that can corrupt your database. There are four DCL commands: COMMIT. Tells the DBMS to make permanent changes made to

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Data manipulation language (DML) lets you do five things to an SQL database: add data to tables, retrieve and display data in table columns, change data in tables, and delete data from tables. As such, basic DML consists of five statements: INSERT INTO. Lets you add one or more rows (or columns) into a table. SELECT. Lets you query one or more tables and will display columns in rows that

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Data definition language (DDL) is the set of SQL statements (ALTER, CREATE, DROP, GRANT) that let you create, alter, or destroy (drop) the objects that make up a relational database. To put it another way, you use DDL to define the structure and security of a database. SQL-89 (the first ANSI/ISO standard written for SQL) defines data manipulation language (DML) and DDL as two distinct and

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To solve problems in a procedural programming language (such as Basic, C, COBOL, FORTRAN, and so on), you write lines of code that perform one operation after another until the program completes its tasks. The program may execute its lines of code in a linear sequence or loop to repeat some steps or branch to skip others. In any case, when writing a program in a procedural language, the

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Both SQL and relational database theory originated in IBM's research laboratories. In June 1970, Dr. Edgar F. Codd, an IBM engineer, wrote a paper outlining the mathematical theory of how data could be stored in tables and manipulated using a data sublanguage. The article, entitled "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks," was published in the Communications of the

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Constraints are database objects that restrict the data that a user or application program can enter into the columns of a table. There are seven types of constraints: assertions, domains, check constraints, foreign key constraints, primary key constraints, required data, and uniqueness constraints. Each type of constraint plays a different roll in maintaining database integrity: Assertions

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A domain is the set of all values that are legal for a particular column in a table. Suppose, for example, that your EMPLOYEE table had a DEPENDANT field that your company policy states must be an INTEGER between 0 and 14. The domain of DEPENDANT would then be 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,13,14. Or, suppose you were maintaining a table for a tablecloth inventory that has a COLOR column, and all

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The system catalog is a collection of tables that the DBMS itself owns, creates, and maintains in order to manage the user-defined objects (tables, domains, constraints, schemas, other catalogs, security, and so on) in the database. As a collection, the tables in the system catalog are often referred to as the system tables because they contain data that describes the structure of the

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A table consists of rows and columns of data that deal with a specific type of entity such as marketing calls, sales statistics, customers, orders, payroll, and so on. A schema is the collection of related tables. Thus, a schema is to tables what tables are to individual data items. While a table brings together related data items so that they describe an entity when considered a row at a

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As you learned in Tip 7, "Understanding Terms Used to Define an SQL Database," views are virtual tables. A view looks like a table because it appears to have all of the essential components of a table-it has a name, it has rows of data arranged in named columns, and its definition is stored in the database catalog right along with all of the other "real" tables. Moreover, you can use the

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The SQL DBMS stores the names of the columns along with the table names in its system catalog. Column names must be unique within a table but can appear in multiple tables. For example, you can have a STUDENT_ID column in both a STUDENT table and a CLASS_SCHEDULE table. However, you cannot have more than one STUDENT_ID column in either table. When selecting a column name, use a short, unique

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When selecting the name for a table, make it something short but descriptive of the data the table will contain. You will want to keep the name short since you will be typing it in SQL statements that work with the table's data. Keeping the name descriptive will make it easy to remember which table has what data, especially in a database system with many (perhaps hundreds) of tables. If you

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An SQL table consists of scalar (single-value) data arranged in columns and rows. Relational database tables have the following components: A unique table name Unique names for each of the columns in the table At least one column Data types, domains, and constraints that specify the type of data and its range of values for each column in the table A structure in which data in one column of

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Every SQL database is based on the relational database model. As such, the individual data items in an SQL database are organized into tables. An SQL table (sometimes called a relation), consists of a two-dimensional array of rows and columns. As you learned in Codd's first two rules in Tip 6, "Understanding Codd's 12-Rule Relational Database Definition," each cell in a table contains a single

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Dr. Edgar F. Codd published the first theoretical model of a relational database in an article entitled "A Relational Model of Data for Large Shared Data Banks" in the Communications of the ACM in 1970. The relational model was theoretical at the time because all commercially available database management systems were based on either the hierarchical or the network database models. Although

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While the relational database model did not appear in commercial products until the 1980s, Dr. Edgar F. Codd of IBM defined the relational database in 1970. The relational model simplifies database structures by eliminating the explicit parent/child relationship pointers. In a relational database, all data is organized into tables. The hierarchical and network database records are

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The network database model extends the hierarchiear model by allowing a record to participate in multiple parent/child relationships. In order to be helpful, a database model must be able to represent data relationships in a database to mirror those we see in the real world. One of the shortcomings of the hierarchical database model was that a child record could have one and only one parent.

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 hierarchical database model consists of data arranged into a structure that looks a lot like a family tree or company organizational chart. If you need to manage data that lends itself to being represented as parent/child relationships, you can make use of the hierarchical database model. Suppose, for example, that you have a home food delivery service and need to know how much of each

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Flat files are collections of data records. When looking at the contents of a flat file, you will not find any information (metadata) that describes the data in the file. Instead, you will see row after row of data such as the following:010000BREAKFAST JUICES F00.000000 010200TREE TOP APPLE JUICE 120ZF01.100422 010400WELCHES GRAPE JUICE

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1 Understanding the Definition of a DatabaseMany people use the term database to mean any collection of data items. Working as a consultant, I've been called onsite to repair a database, only to find that the client was referring to a customer list in a Corel WordPerfect document that appeared "corrupted" because someone had changed the document's margins. Microsoft and Lotus have also

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In this tutorial we are going to see how to initialize an Array and how to copy the array. Java has several types to initialize an array now we are going to see some types to initializing.//Array initializationpublic class Init1{public static void main(String[] args){Integer[] value1 = { new Integer(1), new Integer(2), new Integer(3), };Integer[] value2 = new Integer[] { new Integer(1), new

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In this tutorial we are going to see how to typecast in java. Now we are going to see the syntax and sample code to convert each and every data type into other type.//Integer code1public class CastExample{public static void main(String arg[]){String s=”27”;int i=Integer.parseInt(s);System.out.println(i);Float f=99.7f;int i1=Integer.parseInt(f);}}//Integer code2public class CastExample{public

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In this tutorial we are going to see how to inherit a class. For that we simply incorporate the definition of one class into another class by using extends keyword. Now we create a superclass named parent and a subclass named child. This program displays the parent class contents, child class contents and sum of the contents.class parent{int pi,pj;void showpipj(){ System.out.println("pi and pj:"+

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In this tutorial we are going to see use of cloneable interface and how to use it. The cloneable interface defines no members. It is used to indicate that a class allows a bitwise copy of an object to be made. If you try to call clone() on a class that does not implement Cloneable, a CloneNotSupportedException is thrown. When a clone is made the constructor for the object being cloned is not

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In this tutorial we are going to see how to associate keys with values. Here we are going to see how to create own methods for mapping the keys with values and how to get the value using Key.public class AssociateExample{private Object[][] o;private int in;public AssociateExample(int length){o = new Object[length][2];}public void put(Object key, Object value){if (in >= o.length)throw new

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FileWriter creates a Writer that you can use to write to a file. Its most commonly used constructors are shown here: FileWriter(String filePath) FileWriter(String filePath, boolean append) FileWriter(File fileObj) They can throw an IOException or a SecurityException. Here, filePath is the full path name of a file, and fileObj is a File object that describes the file. If append is true, then

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The FileReader class creates a Reader that you can use to read the contents of a file. Its two most commonly used constructors are shown here: FileReader(String filePath)FileReader(File fileObj) Either can throw a FileNotFoundException. Here, filePath is the full path name of a file, and fileObj is a File object that describes the file. The following example shows how to read lines from a file

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ByteArrayOutputStream is an implementation of an output stream that uses a byte array as the destination. ByteArrayOutputStream has two constructors, shown here: ByteArrayOutputStream( )ByteArrayOutputStream(int numBytes) In the first form, a buffer of 32 bytes is created. In the second, a buffer is created with a size equal to that specified by numBytes. The buffer is held in the protected buf

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ByteArrayInputStream is an implementation of an input stream that uses a byte array as the source. This class has two constructors, each of which requires a byte array to provide the data source: ByteArrayInputStream(byte array[ ])ByteArrayInputStream(byte array[ ], int start, int numBytes) Here, array is the input source. The second constructor creates an InputStream from a subset of your byte

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Introduction The Java Input/Output (I/O) is a part of java.io package. The java.io package contains a relatively large number of classes that support  input and output operations. The classes in the package are primarily abstract classes and stream-oriented that define methods and subclasses which allow bytes to be read from and written to files or other input

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Standard Streams: Standard Streams are a feature provided by many operating systems. By default, they read input from the keyboard and write output to the display. They also support I/O operations on files.  Java also supports three Standard Streams: Standard Input: Accessed through System.in which is used to read input from the keyboard. Standard Output:

Mayuri Multimediahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08558885521070571106noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380626904031146591.post-53599931907720931262010-02-06T00:35:00.000-08:002010-02-06T00:35:59.358-08:00

Classes: The following listing of classes are provided by the java.io package shown in the table:  Class  Description  BufferedInputStream It used for creating an internal buffer array. It supports the mark and reset methods.  BufferedOutputStream This class used for writes byte to output stream. It implements a buffered output stream.  

Mayuri Multimediahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08558885521070571106noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380626904031146591.post-9358172646629592782010-02-06T00:27:00.000-08:002010-02-06T00:27:12.860-08:00

Introduction The Filter File Java example code provides the following functionalities: Filtering the files depending on the file extension provided by the user    User provides the file extension and then program lists all the matching files found Program accepts directory name and file extension from user and displays the files present in the directory. Program begins with import statement

Mayuri Multimediahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08558885521070571106noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3380626904031146591.post-33380714386172964882010-02-06T00:25:00.000-08:002010-02-06T00:25:58.462-08:00

As we have read about  the BufferedInputStream class that lets you read characters from a stream and stores it in an internal buffer. Lets see an example that reads the contains of the existed file. The given example uses the BufferedInputstream class that reads the bytes from the input stream. The input stream is a file "Filterfile.txt" from which the data is read in form of a

Mayuri Multimediahttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08558885521070571106noreply@blogger.com0